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Mixing: A Discipline of Technique and Creativity

Definitions and functions of audio mixing - Alessandro Fois' Blog


Article by: Alessandro Fois

Biografia di Alessandro Fois

Alessandro Fois, born in Cagliari, is a musician, composer, pianist, arranger and sound engineer. Since 2014, he has also been a writer, blogger and webmaster. After living in Oristano and Cagliari, he moved to Ivrea, where he runs Lycnos, an audio, video and web services studio, and the Glamour Recording Studio. He studied piano, music theory and composition at the Cagliari Conservatory, specialising in sound recording with Fonoprint and Sony Italia. He perfected composition and arrangement with Mogol at C.E.T.. He has explored various musical genres, including classical, jazz, blues, pop and progressive, composing for Italian artists and participating in live concerts. He released the album 'Dialogue', while his new project is 'Kaleidoskope'. He is co-author of the Sardinian-language musical 'Boghes de Domo', also directing and performing. He has written soundtracks for RAI, advertising music and for prestigious events such as those of Ferrari. For over 25 years, Fois has managed the

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Mixing: A Discipline of Technique and Creativity

Mixing, the technical and artistic heart of music production, can be defined as the process in which recorded or synthesised multi-track audio tracks are balanced, processed and combined to generate a usable end product. This result is mainly distributed in stereo or multi-channel format, recorded on digital (files, CDs, solid-state memories) or analogue (vinyl, tape) media. But this technical definition is not enough: mixing is also an art that transforms ideas and emotions into a sound experience capable of captivating and involving.

A Mix: Success or Disaster

The mix is decisive for the fate of a song.

  • A good mix can sharpen the emotional message, make a song more attractive and decree its success.
  • A bad mixInstead, it can destroy even a high-level composition, thwarting the efforts of musicians and producers.

The average listener, now increasingly accustomed to high-quality devices such as advanced earphones, appreciates and recognises good sound performance. The clarity and intelligibility therefore become fundamental requirements, which can be achieved by such measures as reducing masking, increasing definition and tonal balancing.

The Four Functions of Mixing

Each phase of mixing responds to specific functions, each of which is essential to achieve an optimal result:

  1. Corrective function
    It solves problems related to intonation, timing or dynamics, often amplified by the use of multi-track overdubbing, which prevents organic interaction between musicians.
  2. Acoustic function
    Compensates for acoustic defects introduced during recording and not corrected during tracking.
  3. Optimising function
    It improves the quality of sounds through the targeted use of equalisers, compressors and reverbs.
  4. Creative function
    It adds expressive value to the song, introducing unique sounds, enhancing the interpretation and creating new sonic alchemies.

Technique and Artistic Vision

Despite its technical components, mixing is not limited to balancing levels or correcting errors. The artistic vision is what separates routine work from a unique sound experience.

A beginner tends to work by trial and error, while an expert imagines the final sound and approaches it with confidence, setting the controls in a targeted manner. This ability to 'dream the mix' is what distinguishes a technician from a sound artist.

A mix can be technically flawless but lacking in emotion, or, conversely, technically imperfect but breathtaking. Like a photographer looking for the perfect shot, a sound engineer shapes the sound to enhance its appeal, balancing technique and expressiveness.

Naturalness and artificiality: the dualism of mixing

The concept of 'naturalness' in mixing is relative. Although a natural sound is associated with acoustic fidelity, raw recordings often require deep interventions to achieve a rendering that appears 'more natural than real'.

Since Patti Page's pioneering experiment in 1947, which introduced vocal overdubbing, the idea of naturalness has been reinterpreted. A mix can emphasise the artificial dimension to serve creative needs, without losing effectiveness.

For example:

  • Classical and traditional jazz favour naturalness to respect tradition.
  • Modern rock has codified its sound, replacing naturalness with stylistic conventions.
  • Pop experimented extensively with artificial techniques such as compression, reverberation and manipulated spatiality, contributing to innovations in the soundscape.

Mixing: A Sound Illusion

A mix is not a simple representation of reality, but an intentional sound construction. The studio album, similar to a painted picture, offers an idealised version of the music, while a live album, like a photograph, aims for greater fidelity to the performance context.

Naturalness' and 'artificiality' are not absolute criteria of judgement, but tools to modulate the listening experience. A good mix can be profoundly treated, e.g. by eliminating the bass of a piano or turning a snare drum into an 'extraneous' expressive element, without this being apparent to the average listener.

The Role of the Sound Engineer: Between Imitation and Innovation

Being a good sound engineer does not only mean mastering proven techniques, but also daring to innovate. The ability to conceive and experiment with new solutions can mark the difference between an ordinary professional and a 'sound visionary'.

However, innovation requires courage: while imitating is reassuring, trying new ways can lead to mistakes or sometimes revolutionary discoveries. An innovative mix can redefine the sound standard, but only if the context makes it visible and relevant.

An Invitation to Creativity in the Mix

Mixing is a discipline that combines science and art, requiring a unique combination of technique, intuition and talent. Each choice profoundly influences the listener, turning the mix into a means to excite and engage.

Practice, listen, compare and find your voice: the real success of a mix is not in its technical perfection, but in its ability to tell a story and to move the listener.


For an in-depth look at Digital Audio Mixing


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